Two Party System - Why Democrats and Republicans Win

Two Party System - Why Democrats and Republicans Win The two party framework is immovably established in American legislative issues and has been since the principal sorted out political movementsâ emerged in the late 1700s. The two party framework in the United States is currently ruled by the Republicans and the Democrats. In any case, through history the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, at that point the Democrats and the Whigs, have spoken to restricting political belief systems and battled against one another for seats at the neighborhood, state and government levels. No outsider applicant has ever been chosen for the White House, and not very many have won seats in either the House of Representatives or the U.S. Senate. The most striking current special case to the two party framework is U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, a communist whose battle for the 2016 Democratic presidential selection stimulated liberal individuals from the gathering. The nearest any free presidential competitor has come to being chosen for the White House wasâ billionaire Texan Ross Perot, who won 19 percent of the famous vote in the 1992 political race. So for what reason is the two party framework unbreakable in the United States? For what reason do Republicans and Democrats hold a lock on chose workplaces at all degrees of government? Is there any desire for an outsider to develop or autonomous contender to pick up footing in spite of political decision laws that make it hard for them to jump on the polling form, compose and raise money?â Here are fourâ reasons the two party framework is digging in for the long haul for a long, long time. 1. Most Americans Are Affiliated With a Major Party Truly, this is the most evident clarification for why the two party framework remains emphatically unblemished: Voters like it as such. A dominant part of Americans is enrolled withâ the Republican and the Democratic gatherings, and that has been valid all through current history, as per popular feeling overviews directed by the Gallup association. The facts demonstrate that the bit of voters who currently see themselves as free of either significant gathering is bigger than either the Republican and Democratic coalitions alone. Be that as it may, those free voters are complicated and seldom arrive at an agreement on the some outsider applicants; rather, most independents will in general lean toward one of the significant gatherings come political race time, leaving just a little segment of genuinely autonomous, outsider voters. 2. Our Election System Favors a Two Party System The American arrangement of choosing delegates at all degrees of government makes it practically inconceivable for an outsider to flourish. We have what are known as single-part locale in which there is just a single victor. The champ of the well known vote in every one of the 435 congressional regions, U.S. Senate races and state administrative contestsâ takes office, and the discretionary failures get nothing. This the champ bring home all the glory technique encourages a two-party framework and varies drastically from relative portrayal races in European democracies.â Duverger’s Law, named for the French humanist Maurice Duverger, states that a lion's share vote on one voting form is helpful for a two-party framework ... Elections dictated by a lion's share vote on one voting form actually beat outsiders (and would do more regrettable to fourth or fifth gatherings, if there were any; yet none exist for this very explanation). In any event, when a solitary voting form framework works with just two gatherings, the one that successes is supported, and the different endures. As it were, voters will in general pick applicants who really have a taken shots at winning as opposed to discarding their decisions on somebody who will just get a little segment of the well known vote. Paradoxically, relative portrayal races held somewhere else on the planet take into consideration more than one contender to be looked over each area, or for the determination of everywhere competitors. For instance, if the Republican up-and-comers win 35 percent of the vote, they would control 35 percent of the seats in the designation; if Democrats won 40 percent, they would speak to 40 percent of the assignment; and if an outsider, for example, the Libertarians or Greens won 10 percent of the vote, they would get the opportunity to hold one out of 10 seats. The fundamental standards basic corresponding portrayal races are that all voters merit portrayal and that every single political gathering in the public eye have the right to be spoken to in our councils in relation to their quality in the electorate. As it were, everybody ought to reserve the privilege to reasonable portrayal, the support bunch FairVote states. 3. Its Tough for Third Parties to Get on the Ballot Outsider applicants need to clear more prominent obstacles to jump on the polling form in numerous states, and its hard to fund-raise and arrange a battle when youre occupied with social occasion a huge number of marks. Numerous states have shut primaries rather than open primaries, which means just enrolled Republicans and Democrats can designate possibility for the general political race. That leaves outsider up-and-comers at a critical hindrance. Outsider up-and-comers have less an ideal opportunity to record desk work and should gather a more noteworthy number of marks than do significant gathering up-and-comers in certain states. 4. There Are Just Too Many Third Party Candidates There are outsiders out there. Furthermore, fourth gatherings. Furthermore, fifth gatherings. There are, actually, several little, dark ideological groups and competitors who show up on polling forms over the association in their names. Be that as it may, they speak to a wide range of political convictions outside of the standard, and putting them all in a major tent would be outlandish. In the 2016 presidential political race alone, voters had many outsider contender to look over in the event that they were disappointed with Republican Donald Trump and Democrat Hillary Clinton. They could have casted a ballot rather for libertarian Gary Johnson; Jill Stein of the Green Party; Darrell Castle of the Constitution Party; or Better for Americas Evan McMullin. There were communist competitors, professional pot applicants, forbiddance up-and-comers, change up-and-comers. The rundown goes on. Be that as it may, these dark competitors experience the ill effects of a need ofâ consensus, no regular ideologicalâ thread going through every one of them. Basically, theyre too fragmented and confused to be believable options in contrast to the major-party competitors.

EARLY US HISTORY Bacons Rebellion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EARLY US HISTORY Bacons Rebellion - Assignment Example I have come to comprehend the progressions that significant occasions, for example, Bacon’s Rebellion have brought to Virginia. The historical backdrop of this spot is fascinating as it will assist you with understanding significant occasions that occurred here and acknowledge Virginia more. I have come to comprehend life here in Virginia in an unexpected way. In provincial Virginia, individuals used to experience the ill effects of a great deal of issues, for example, high expenses and low costs for tobacco. The frontier times were extremely hard for some individuals in Virginia. The individuals who coexisted well with the representative during those years, Sir William Berkeley, got extraordinary benefits, which was very uncalled for to the remainder of the individuals. These benefits were sporadic in light of the fact that they were just agreed to the individuals who were near the senator. The senator additionally seemed to have bombed in protecting the area against the successive assaults by Native Americans. These assaults prompted mass passings, just as monstrous loss of property. The area was portrayed by a complicated political structure. Berkeley didn't do what's necessary to manage the security of the individuals he was responsible for ensuring. The Bacon’s defiance was a revolt sorted out by Nathaniel Bacon in 1976 in pilgrim Virginia to challenge the issues that were being knowledgeable about Virginia around then. Bacon was resolved to carry the standard of Governor Berkeley to a flat out end. His endeavors were planned for bringing to the consideration of the legislature the way that every social class should have been dealt with similarly and with pride. Bacon’s defiance prompted a superior Virginia that is seen today. The district had significant issues of prejudice which saw the blacks and whites occupied with steady clashes. In any case, during the disobedience, the blacks and whites held hands to restrict the standard of Governor Berkeley. The decision class was truly undermined by this solidarity since it was something that had

An Overview of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy

An Overview of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a short-term (eight to 20 sessions) and structured approach to couples therapy developed by Drs. Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg in the 1980s. It is grounded in research while focusing on negative communication patterns  and love as an attachment bond.?? Attachment Theory Attachment between people typically provides a safe haven: a retreat from the world and a way to obtain comfort, security and a buffer against stress. Attachment also offers a secure base, allowing you to feel safe while you explore the world and learn new information.  Its formation begins in childhood with a primary caretaker, such as a parent.?? Those early,  established patterns carry through to adulthood. An unavailable caretaker creates distress in a baby akin to an unavailable partner creating distress in an adult.  Attachment theory provides the emotionally-focused therapist with a road  map to the drama of distress, emotions, and needs between partners.   Grounded in Science According to the website dedicated to EFT, a substantial body of research outlining the effectiveness of this treatment exists.?? It is now considered one of the most (if not the most) empirically validated forms of couples therapy. Research studies have found that 70-75% of couples undergoing EFT successfully move from distress to recovery, and approximately 90% show significant improvements.  This recovery is also quite stable and lasting, with little evidence of relapse back into distress. EFT is being used with many different kinds of couples in private practice, university training centers, and hospital clinics.  It is also quite useful with various cultural groups throughout the world. The distressed couples who may benefit from EFT include those where one or both partners suffer from depression, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorders, and chronic illness, among other disorders.  EFT has proven to be a powerful approach for couples dealing with infidelity or other more traumatic incidents, both current and past. Neuroscience also intersects attachment theory and EFT. More recently produced  MRI studies  demonstrate the significance of secure attachment.?? Our attachments are potent, and our brains code them as “safety.” According to an  article on EFT in  Social Work Today, any perceived distance or separation in our close relationships is interpreted as danger.?? Losing the connection to a loved one threatens our sense of security. Primal fear ensues and sets off an alarm in part of our brain called the amygdala, also known as the fear center. Once the amygdala is activated, it triggers our  fight-or-flight response. When incoming information is familiar, the amygdala is calm. However, as soon as the amygdala encounters threatening or unfamiliar information, it increases the brain’s anxiety level and focuses the mind’s attention on the immediate situation. People go into a self-preservation mode, often doing what they did to survive or cope in childhood. This is the reason we are triggered as adults in our romantic relationships, in the same repeating (and unhealthy) patterns from our formative years.  EFT can help to unwind these automatic, counter-productive reactions. Fostering Healthy Dependency EFT provides a language for healthy dependency between partners and looks at key moves and moments that define an adult love relationship. The primary goal of  the model is to expand and re-organize the emotional responses of the couple. New sequences of bonding interactions occur and replace old, negative patterns such as “pursue-withdraw” or “criticize-defend.”?? These new, positive cycles then become self-reinforcing and create permanent change. The relationship becomes a haven and a healing environment for both partners. Creating a Secure Bond The process reduces couples’ conflict while creating a more secure emotional bond.  Couples learn to express deep, underlying emotions from a place of vulnerability and ask for their needs to be met.  Partners begin to view undesirable behaviors (i.e., shutting down or angry escalations) as “protests of disconnection.” Couples learn to be emotionally available, empathetic and engaged with each other, strengthening the attachment bond and safe haven between them.   EFT has many strengths as a therapeutic model.  First, it is supported by extensive research.?? Second, it is collaborative and respectful of clients. It shifts blame for the couples problems to the negative patterns between them, instead of the couples themselves (or the partners). Finally, the change process has been mapped into a clearly defined process consisting of nine steps and three change events that help guide the therapist and track progress. If you are looking for help with a distressed relationship, an EFT trained therapist would be a wise choice. There are also several books that might be of interest. Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy For Dummies by Brent Bradley and Jamies Furrow,  Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love by Sue Johnson, or An Emotionally Focused Workbook for Couples: The Two of Us by Veronica Kallos-Lilly and Jennifer Fitzgeralds are all good places to start. The Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs

Case Study on Attempted Improvements to a Community...

Written in an interview format, this case illustrates the challenges and opportunities faced by a mid-level Public Administrator seeking to improve the performance of the community planning division. In 1983, Laura Shwartz became Chief of Community Planning Section of a large metropolitan county, County of Bend which covers a territory of 2,310 square miles and a pop. Of 1,269,700, which is responsible for long–term land use decisions. The department also deals with agricultural preservation, single family areas, and high density development. The department makes recommendations to the city council on future growth patterns of the county in consultation with a Citizen Committee to established goals and applied various zones to an area.†¦show more content†¦Retooling the staff so that it would be able to predict problems and work with communities and development interests of other public agencies was her number one priority. Teams that are cohesive, productive, and eff icient, whose members enjoy doing their work and working together, are a result of managers developing and leading teams that work in these ways. Successful teams are cohesive because team members work cooperatively, sharing common goals as well as the resources to achieve them. They are productive, because they have clarity on the common goal and purpose. The manager in the case determined this to be the first priority in her efforts to turn the department around. She helped the staff decide wither they wanted to be a part of her vision for the department. She accomplished by clearly identifying her goals and objectives then had them make a clear choice, you’re either in or you’re out, shifting the focus from skills and talents of the existing staff to their priorities and values. They are efficient because tasks are assigned in a way that takes into account the broader picture and strategy, rather than letting the team be dominated by near sighted tasks that did not produce a valuable product to their customers, shifting from policy recommendations based on research to active negotiations with communities. NowShow MoreRelatedAccounting12472 Words   |  50 PagesErnst Young â€Å"Business Leaders of Tomorrow† Case Contest Bigg Glowbell (BG) Case Study Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Assignment Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Bigg-Glowbell Overview ..................................................Read MoreWhat are Green Roofs?770 Words   |  3 Pagespresence of green roofs. 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Key Facts About the War on Drugs

The Outsiders- Dally Free Essays

Dallas â€Å"Dally† Winston: Social Clique: Greasers Age: 17 Status: Deceased * Reason- Provoked police to shoot him because he got a heater out. Abilities/ Strengths: Street smart, knows how to use a variety of different weapons like guns, blades, etc. Natural born leader; Strong personality; excellent fighter; stereotypical â€Å"bad boy†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsiders- Dally or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tougher, colder and meaner than rest of the greasers. His parents were very abusive of him Criminal Past:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The real character of the gang,† Dally was arrested his first time at the age of ten. He spent three years on the â€Å"wild side† of New York and likes to blow off steam in gang fights. He is the most dangerous member of the bunch, but he is still a part of their greaser â€Å"family. Enjoys breaking laws. Known for robbing a lot of stores. Personality Traits: Dallas Winston is seen to be cruel, hardened, and usually lacking concern for others. All of these observations are absolutely true. He is also rude, unrefined, angry, and typically selfish. He often finds amusement at the expense of others, and is hideously impolite to most everyone, especially girls that he doesn’t know. Typically, he finds himself quite indifferent with the opinions of others. Dally has no respect for anyone, especially adults and officials of the law. High school Dropout. Gets angry easily and is mentally unstable. He hardly ever lets any emotion other than anger show. Events: After the Johnny Cade killing a soc incident, it was informed that Dallas Winston helped Ponyboy Curtis and Johnny escape and send them to an abandoned church. He also gave them a gun and some money for buying groceries. This also adds up to Dallas crimes by hiding a criminal. Also known to be bugging to so girls earlier that night. He helped the other two kids on saving the children from the mysterious church fire and injured his arm badly; he was in a good condition compared with his buddy, Johnny. He later escaped the hospital by threatening a nurse with a very large blade in order to join a rumble. After watching Johnny Cade’s tragic death, it was learned that he went crazy and robbed another store. This prompted the police to arrive, and after witnessing the large gun that he had, he was shot down by the police. After examining the raits of Dallas Winston, we are pretty sure that Sabrina will make him less tough, mean and cruel with others. Sabrina will respect the law no matter what and will help others to respect it too. Even though Sabrina may not be that street smart, she is very book smart and may also teach Dallas some skills and manners. View on him after death: After reading Ponyboy Curtis award receiving English assignment, (which happ ened after all of this happened) we can now see that Dally was more than just a criminal. Dally was a misunderstood poor soul like many other gang members during the time. It wasn’t his fault that he was tough, the experiences that happened in his life made him that way. I am pretty sure that he wouldn’t like anyone else to be like that. We also learn that Dallas felt very protective of a fellow, deceased greaser, Johnny Cade. Johnny also admired Dallas a lot, and viewed him as a hero. Some people think that Johnny was all that mattered to Dally. In fact, Johnny’s life is  so  valuable to him that he doesn’t think he can live without Johnny. Pony deals with his grief over Johnny’s death by pretending Johnny isn’t dead, but Dally snaps goes on an all-out â€Å"suicide mission†. How to cite The Outsiders- Dally, Essay examples

The Gas and The Oil Industry

Question: Demonstrate a good understanding of the substantive rules of international law applicable to the oil and gas industry Evaluate the key principles of contract formation in international commercial transactions and key international law principles and trends in the oil and gas sector Assess the effectiveness of international law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation Demonstrate a critical understanding of the importance of oil and gas law as a distinct subject, studied in a practical and commercial context. Answer: Introduction The different players in the gas and the oil industry have to encounter different kinds of risks. There are different kinds of risks and they are HSE accidents, mechanical breakdowns as well as unfavorable price change. Furthermore, there are also risks regarding contract between the host country and government and international oil companies or contractors. With the aim of reducing the exposure, industry players generally carry out different kinds of measures as well practices so that they are able to manage the risks efficiently. It is significant to note that one significant aspect of risk management is the risk allocation between or among the parties who are engaged in an undertaking. But it is quite difficult in the Oil and Gas Industry because there is large number of parties who are involved in a single project. Risk allocation in the Oil and the Gas Industry can be carried out by setting out in the contract clauses. It is these clauses which assess that which party will be held responsible for a certain risks and to what extent. The characteristics of the upstream oil and gas contracts are highly affected by the fundamental interest of the Host Government and the International Contractor. The Host Government is generally concerned with attracting risk capital to modern EP technology for securing the national interest while the international oil companies and the contractor focuses on the ways to acquire the excessive return on their investment. To make a clear distinction between the rights of Host Government and the international oil companies so that they are able to address and manage the risks, Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) has been introduced. Production Sharing Contracts was first introduced in Bolivia in the beginning of 1950s and this contract is able to provide benefit to the host country lacking expertise. Discussions The search of petroleum pushes the gas and the oil companies from their home countries out into the world. The worldwide scope of the exploration for the production of the oil and gas has given rise to multinational and international companies. These companies are generally found in home countries but carry out their business all over the world. It has been found out that presently all the significant oil companies can be found in different oil producing regions of the world. Furthermore, it has also been found out the medium and small petroleum companies also carry put their business in more than one country of the world (Hilyard, 2012). It is significant to note that each country formulates and implements different kinds of laws and regulations which help in developing the oil and gas industry sector of that country. So, it is probable to demonstrate the basic approaches and the concepts which are related with the international petroleum. Several laws have also been passed by the United States which applies to the international operation of the US Companies. Risk Allocation Approaches Usually, there are three kinds of research allocation approaches which are used in the Oil and Gas Industry (Darst, 2007). They are: Indemnity Exemption Limitation of Liability Indemnity Following this agreement, the party which is entitled to obtain a benefit will acquire payment from the indemnifying pay in case the indemnifying party suffers a loss (Benigno and Kk, 2012). Indemnity can be classified as mutual or unilateral indemnity. As per Mutual indemnity, all the parties involved in the contract acts as a potential indemnifier and recipient of probable indemnity. As against this, unilateral indemnity highlights a situation in which one party undertakes the liability of indemnifying another party if the second party incurs a loss in the contractual relationship. Scope of Indemnity for multiple parties: In Oil and Gas Industry, there are large numbers of parties involved. It has been seen that, whenever different parties are involved in a contract, it often creates an abstract result on the indemnity clause (Bowen, 2011). It has been interpreted by the court that whenever several parties are involved in a contract then one party will condensate other for any kind of loss. Scope of Indemnity when there is subrogation: If the indemnifier has undertaken an insurance policy to cover the similar risks which is the subject of the contract, the responsibility to indemnify will be turned off based on the fact whether or not there is an express duty of the indemnifier to take out the policy (SCARANTINO, 2010). Exclusion of liability The clause of Exclusion of liability is to release a party from the obligation for loss arising from outlined risks. However, the forgiveness will depend on the kind of risks or risks rising from the contract. These provisions in a contract generate a class of injury whose happenings are highlighted not to be qualified for remediation by the party with the responsibility to the risk covered (Zinn, 2002). The Oil and the Gas contract Parties agree to exclude liability for the following: Consequential Loss Loss resulting from willful conduct Loss resulting from gross negligence Limitation of Liability A liability clause may allocate the obligation for remedying loss which rises from an action of providing advantage to the party and at the same time put a cap on it. The cap will be put depending on the prearranged segment of the loss or a fixed amount of money. It should be noted that a limitation clause will limit the liability of the duty bearer (LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS, 2001). There are different forms of limitation and they have been given below: Fixed amount Limitation: The parties may want to offer for the maximum amount of the loss that has been incurred so that either of them would be responsible for in the event of the risk happenings. The Clause 35 of Logic Standard Contract Supply of Major items are an example of fixed amount limitation. It ensures that: This kind of contracts is generally utilized in Oil and Gas industry. This is because there is option for unlimited as well as probably excessive liability is kept unrestrained (Johnsen Oil signs major Russian filtration supply contract, 2011). They may act as conciliation whenever the parties disagree on a mutual hold. It has been seen that some of the Oil and Gas project are so precious that the losses which are incurred are unbearable for the contractors. Thus, it is evident that a liability cap is carrying out the role of providing a second line of defense of indeterminate liability. Proportionate Liability: There are a large number of contracts which restricts the liability of the parties who are engaged in the proportion of their participation in the undertaking. Production Sharing Agreement Production Sharing Contract is a common kind of contract that is signed by the government of the host country and the international oil producing countries highlighting how much of the oil extracted will be received by government and the oil producing companies. In this agreement, the government of the host country grants the international oil companies with the permission to carry out with the exploration and the production of oil. It is duty of the oil companies to bear the mineral as well as the financial risks of explore and initiative. If the company is successful in acquiring money then the profit will be shared between the company and the government at a rate of 20% and 80% respectively. This contract is able to provide benefit to the host country lacking expertise and want foreign companies to carry out the task. At the same time, his contract can also be profitable for oil companies involved in the project (Zedalis, 2009). Key Features Parties- Generally, this type of contract will be carried by the National Oil Corporation (NOC) in behalf of the government. However, in case of India, these contracts are generally carried out Ministers who are in charge of the Mines and Ministers for Petroleum and Natural Gas respectively. In Tanzania, Tanzanian Petroleum Development Corporation is a party (Zedalis, 2009). Term of Contract- The length of the terms of the contract depends on a large number of factors and thus terms is negotiable. There is no fixed term period for the Model Contracts. Kenyan Model which follows the Clause 2: Relinquishment It focuses on ensuring speedy and effective exploration. It provides benefits to both the parties. The Clause 7 of the Kurdistans Model PSC is an example of Relinquishment Clause. National Interest Provisions National Interest Provision helps to upgrade and protect national socio-economic well-being of the host country (SCARANTINO, 2010). Cost Recovery Oil With the help of this provision, International Oil Corporation is able to recover its costs from the extracted oil and gas even before the profit is shared. Profit Oil This includes the return on exploration after the international Oil Corporation has recovered the costs. This is shared between the different parties in a sliding scale. The allocation of the government of the host country will increase with the rise in the production or the economic return of the contractor (Pirog, 2006). The product Sharing Agreement was first utilized in Indonesia in the year 1960. This was signed between the International Oil Cooperation and Pertamina. Presently, Product Sharing Agreement was used in developing and maintaining relationship between International Oil Contribution and some of the resource rich state for the exploration, development and the production of the oil and natural gas. As mentioned above, the most significant notion of this contract is the shared production. Generally, Product Sharing Agreement is signed for a time period of 25 to 30 years. However, the contract can be signed for longer years. This can be seen in the contract for developing the oilfield in Kashagan in Kazakhstan (Pirog, 2006). The project was signed in the year 1977 and it continued for about 40 years. After the extraction of the oil, the profit is shared between the parties who are involved in the contract. The share of the host country will be given to SOE. If the contract involves different number of parties, then one of the parties can assume the role of the operational management of the project. However, it should be noted that the function of the operational management will be assigned to the largest investor and he will also be responsible for settling the disputes or any problem that may arise in this case. The technical operational management varies greatly from the commercial operational management. This is because the technical operational management deals with the actual field development procedure whereas the commercial operational management focuses on the process of controlling the financial settlements as well as relation between the different parties about the production sharing calculations (Lai, 2011). The Product Sharing Agreement makes it clear that National Oil Corporation should represent the state. The NOC should possess two responsibilities. Firstly, that of a contractor with proper shares of the contract and secondly, it represents the interest of the state and thus receives the share of the profit of the oil on behalf of the state (Liu and Zhu, 2013). However, it should be noted that the share of National Oil Corporation varies from one country to other based on the negotiation process of Product Sharing Agreement and the share of National Oil Corporation in a specific project. However, different laws of product Sharing Agreement want National Oil Corporation to enjoy a share of the controlling stake of a project. In order to avoid any kind of problem, PSA is planned in such a way so that the contribution of NOC is executed by some other group members and the group members and the government repays the contribution from its share of profit (Lai, 2011). The different principles of Product Sharing Agreement have been analyzed below: On the host state side, an NOC an act as a party of the contractThe state holds legal title to the unproduced natural resources and only changes title to the share of the International Oil Corporation.The International Oil Corporation undertakes the risks at the exploration stage.If the Product Sharing agreement is negotiated and signed then it will become a part of the national legislation (Lai, 2011).The International Oil Corporation is provided with the right to search, develop and extract oil.The capital is invested by International Oil Corporation. The capital expenditure and the cost of maintenance are subtracted from the production in the form of cost oil.Cost oil and the profit oil are computed depending on the exact amount of oil being produced.The parties who are involved in the project will share the profit oil as long as the contract exists. The taxes are paid to government by the parties once the oil has been acquired (BELEW, 2011). Conclusions The entire project highlighted how the different kinds of risks associated with the Oil and Gas Industry are managed by the different parties. It also shows the importance of the Product Sharing Agreements and its role in sharing the risks and the responsibility between the host country and the international oil companies. The Host Government is generally concerned with attracting risk capital to modern EP technology for securing the national interest while the international oil companies and the contractor focuses on the ways to acquire the excessive return on their investment. The report showed that there are three kinds of research allocation approaches which are used in the Oil and Gas Industry. In Oil and Gas Industry, there are large numbers of parties involved. 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